20 Venomous and Non-Venomous Snakes in Australia

Australia is home to a diverse array of snakes, ranging from harmless constrictors to some of the most venomous species on the planet.

With over 170 snake species inhabiting the continent, these reptiles play a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance across various habitats, from arid deserts to lush rainforests and even urban areas.

Of the 170 snake species found in Australia, approximately 100 are venomous, with about a dozen capable of inflicting a bite that could be fatal to humans.

Despite this intimidating statistic, snake bites and fatalities are relatively rare, with an average of only 2-3 deaths per year.

This low fatality rate is largely due to the availability of effective antivenoms and prompt medical treatment.

Australian snakes have adapted to a wide range of environments, developing unique characteristics and behaviors.

From the highly venomous inland taipan to the non-venomous carpet python, each species contributes to the rich biodiversity of the Australian landscape.

Understanding these remarkable creatures is essential for both safety and appreciation of Australia’s natural heritage.

Inland Taipan

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The Inland Taipan (Oxyuranus microlepidotus) is renowned as the world’s most venomous land snake. This elusive reptile inhabits remote areas of central Australia, primarily in arid and semi-arid regions.

Despite its fearsome reputation, the Inland Taipan is relatively shy and reclusive. It prefers to avoid human contact, making encounters rare. The snake’s coloration varies seasonally, ranging from dark brown in winter to light olive in summer.

Inland Taipans are diurnal predators, hunting mainly in the early morning. This behavior helps them cope with the extreme temperatures of their desert habitat. When not active, they shelter in underground burrows.

The venom of Oxyuranus microlepidotus is exceptionally potent. A single bite contains enough toxin to kill up to 100 humans. However, its remote habitat and non-aggressive nature mean that bites on humans are extremely uncommon.

These snakes play a crucial role in controlling rodent populations in their ecosystem. They primarily feed on small mammals, especially rats and mice.

Conservation efforts focus on protecting the Inland Taipan’s natural habitat. While not currently endangered, habitat loss and climate change pose potential threats to this unique species.

Eastern Brown Snake

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The Eastern Brown Snake, scientifically known as Pseudonaja textilis, is one of Australia’s most dangerous reptiles. This highly venomous snake belongs to the Elapidae family and is found across eastern and central Australia.

Adult Eastern Brown Snakes typically measure 1.5 to 2 meters in length. They have a slender build and a small, rounded head. Their coloration varies from pale brown to almost black, with some individuals displaying reddish hues.

These snakes are extremely venomous and responsible for more fatalities than any other snake species in Australia. Their venom contains potent neurotoxins and coagulants, affecting the nervous system and blood clotting.

Eastern Brown Snakes are diurnal and prefer open habitats. They can be found in:

• Woodlands
• Scrublands
• Savannah grasslands

Their diet primarily consists of small mammals, particularly rodents. This dietary preference often brings them into contact with human settlements.

When threatened, Eastern Brown Snakes display a defensive posture. They raise the front part of their body, flatten their necks, and may perform mock strikes. Despite their dangerous reputation, they generally prefer to avoid confrontation.

Encountering an Eastern Brown Snake requires caution. If spotted, it’s crucial to remain still and slowly back away. Seek immediate medical attention if bitten, as their venom can cause rapid deterioration.

Western Brown Snake

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The Western Brown Snake, also known as Gwardar, is a highly venomous snake species found across Australia. It belongs to the genus Pseudonaja, which includes some of the world’s most dangerous snakes.

These snakes exhibit remarkable color variation, ranging from light brown to almost black. Their appearance often adapts to their environment, with darker shades appearing in cooler months to aid in heat absorption.

Western Brown Snakes are typically fast-moving and nervous in temperament. When threatened, they may adopt an S-shaped stance with their mouth open, signaling a potential strike.

Despite their dangerous reputation, these snakes play a crucial role in ecosystem balance. They help control rodent populations, which has led to their increased numbers in some rural areas.

Key characteristics of Western Brown Snakes:

• Length: Usually 1.5 to 2 meters
• Venom: Highly toxic, potentially fatal if untreated
• Habitat: Found in diverse environments across Australia
• Diet: Primarily small mammals, reptiles, and birds

While less aggressive than their eastern counterparts, Western Brown Snakes still pose a significant threat to humans. Their bites can cause severe symptoms and require immediate medical attention.

Conservation efforts for these snakes focus on habitat preservation and public education to reduce human-snake conflicts. Understanding their behavior and respecting their space is crucial for coexistence.

Red-bellied Black Snake

The Red-bellied Black Snake (Pseudechis porphyriacus) is a venomous species native to eastern Australia. It is one of the most frequently encountered snakes in the region.

These snakes have a distinctive appearance. Their bodies are glossy black on top with bright red or orange flanks. The underside is typically pink or red, giving them their name.

Adult Red-bellied Black Snakes usually grow to 1.25 meters (4 feet 1 inch) in length. Some specimens can reach up to 2 meters.

Despite their venomous nature, Red-bellied Black Snakes are considered less dangerous than many other Australian snakes. Their bites, while requiring medical attention, rarely result in human fatalities.

These snakes primarily feed on frogs, but their diet also includes fish, lizards, and even other snakes. They have been known to prey on their own species as well.

Red-bellied Black Snakes are the only species in their genus to give birth to live young. Other Pseudechis species lay eggs.

In urban areas, encounters with these snakes are relatively common. They often inhabit wetlands, forests, and woodlands near water sources.

While generally not aggressive, Red-bellied Black Snakes will defend themselves if threatened. It’s crucial to exercise caution and respect their space when encountered in the wild.

Common Death Adder

The common death adder (Acanthophis antarcticus) is one of Australia’s most venomous land snakes. This reptile is found across the eastern and southern coasts of the continent.

Death adders are ambush predators, employing a unique hunting strategy. They lie motionless, often concealed by leaves, waiting for prey to approach. Their yellowish, grub-like tail serves as a lure, attracting unsuspecting animals.

These snakes have a distinctive appearance:

• Short, stout body
• Triangular head
• Small scales
• Banded pattern in various shades of brown, red, or gray

The common death adder‘s diet consists primarily of:

• Frogs
• Lizards
• Small birds

Despite its name, fatalities from death adder bites have decreased significantly since the development of antivenom in the 1950s. However, their venom remains potentially lethal and immediate medical attention is crucial if bitten.

Conservation efforts for the common death adder face challenges. The species is under increasing threat from the invasive cane toad, which can poison the snake if ingested.

Tiger Snake

The Tiger Snake (Notechis scutatus) is a highly venomous serpent native to southern Australia, including Tasmania and coastal islands. These reptiles are renowned for their distinctive banded appearance, often featuring black and yellow stripes reminiscent of a tiger’s coat.

Tiger Snakes typically grow to lengths of 120 cm (47 inches), though some specimens can reach up to 2 meters. Their coloration and patterns can vary significantly across different populations and habitats.

These snakes possess potent neurotoxic venom, ranking as the 4th most venomous snake in Western Australia. Bites from Tiger Snakes can be life-threatening if left untreated, making them a species of significant medical importance.

Habitat preferences for Tiger Snakes include:

• Coastal regions
• Wetlands
• Grasslands
• Forest edges

Despite their fearsome reputation, Tiger Snakes play a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance by controlling rodent populations. However, their numbers have been declining due to urban development and habitat loss.

During mating season, Tiger Snakes engage in remarkably long courtship rituals, with sessions lasting up to seven hours. This behavior showcases the complex nature of their reproductive strategies.

While encounters with humans are rare, it’s essential to exercise caution in areas where Tiger Snakes are known to inhabit. If spotted, maintain a safe distance and allow the snake to retreat peacefully.

Mulga Snake (King Brown Snake)

The Mulga Snake (Pseudechis australis) is Australia’s largest terrestrial venomous snake. Despite its common name “King Brown Snake,” it belongs to the black snake genus Pseudechis.

This impressive reptile is found across most of mainland Australia, except for the extreme southern and southeastern regions. Its adaptability allows it to thrive in various habitats, from arid deserts to tropical woodlands.

Mulga Snakes can grow up to 3 meters in length, with a robust build and a distinctive brown coloration. Their scales may vary from light tan to dark brown, often with a coppery sheen.

One of the most remarkable features of the Mulga Snake is its venom production. It boasts the largest recorded venom output of any snake worldwide, capable of delivering up to 150mg in a single bite.

The venom of Pseudechis australis contains potent:

• Myotoxins
• Neurotoxins

These toxins can cause severe symptoms, including:

• Muscle damage
• Paralysis
• Internal bleeding

Despite its fearsome reputation, the Mulga Snake is generally less aggressive than true brown snakes. However, caution is always advised when encountering any venomous snake in the wild.

Conservation efforts are crucial for protecting this unique species and maintaining Australia’s diverse snake populations. Understanding and respecting these creatures is key to coexisting safely with them in their natural habitats.

Coastal Taipan

The coastal taipan (Oxyuranus scutellatus) is one of Australia’s most dangerous snakes. It inhabits the northern and eastern coastal regions of the country, as well as parts of New Guinea.

This species is known for its impressive size, often reaching lengths of up to 2 meters. The coastal taipan has a distinctive appearance, featuring a pale face and snout, large head, and slender neck.

Coastal taipans possess extremely potent venom. While not quite as toxic as their inland cousins, they are considered more dangerous to humans due to their proximity to populated areas.

These snakes are typically light olive to dark brown in color, helping them blend into their surroundings. They have excellent eyesight and are known for their speed and agility.

Key facts about coastal taipans:

• Scientific name: Oxyuranus scutellatus
• Average length: 2 meters
• Habitat: Coastal regions of northern and eastern Australia
• Diet: Small mammals, particularly rats and bandicoots

Despite their fearsome reputation, coastal taipans generally avoid human contact. However, they will defend themselves if threatened, making it crucial to exercise caution in areas where they are known to reside.

Lowlands Copperhead

The Lowlands Copperhead (Austrelaps superbus) is a venomous snake native to southeastern Australia, including Tasmania. It belongs to the Elapidae family, which includes many of Australia’s most dangerous snakes.

This species can grow up to 1.45 meters in length, making it the largest of the three Australian copperhead species. Males tend to be significantly larger than females.

Lowlands Copperheads have a distinctive appearance:

• Color: Ranges from reddish-brown to grey-black
• Head: Copper-colored, giving the snake its name
• Body: May have darker crossbands

These snakes thrive in cooler, wetter environments, unlike many other Australian snake species. They are often found near water sources, in grasslands, and forests.

Lowlands Copperheads are generally secretive and prefer to avoid human contact. However, they can be dangerous if provoked. Their venom is primarily neurotoxic, affecting the nervous system.

Diet:

• Small lizards
• Frogs
• Smaller snakes (including their own species)

While not typically aggressive, Lowlands Copperheads will defend themselves if threatened. Always exercise caution in their habitat and seek immediate medical attention if bitten.

Rough-scaled Snake

The Rough-scaled Snake (Tropidechis carinatus) is a highly venomous Australian elapid native to eastern Australia. Its name derives from its distinctive keeled scales, which are raised and have a rough texture.

This snake inhabits coastal and near-coastal areas, including rainforests, wet sclerophyll forests, and heathlands. Its range extends from southeast Queensland to northeast New South Wales.

Identifying features of the Rough-scaled Snake include:

• Length: Up to 1 meter
• Color: Olive to dark brown
• Scales: Rough, keeled texture
• Head: Distinct from neck

The species is often mistaken for the non-venomous Keelback Snake (Tropidonophis mairii). However, key differences exist:

Rough-scaled Snakes possess a unique ability to climb trees and low vegetation. This arboreal behavior sets them apart from many other Australian elapids.

Reproduction in this species occurs through viviparity. Females give birth to an average of 10 live young, possibly every second year.

Due to its potent venom, encounters with Rough-scaled Snakes should be treated with extreme caution. If bitten, immediate medical attention is crucial.

Yellow-bellied Sea Snake

The Yellow-bellied Sea Snake (Hydrophis platurus) is a highly specialized marine reptile found in Australian waters. This species stands out among sea snakes due to its entirely pelagic lifestyle, spending its whole life in the open ocean.

These snakes have a distinctive appearance. Their bodies are laterally flattened with a paddle-shaped tail, perfect for swimming. The coloration is striking, with a dark upper body contrasting sharply against yellow or cream-colored sides and belly.

Yellow-bellied Sea Snakes are widely distributed. They inhabit tropical and subtropical waters of the Indian and Pacific Oceans, making them one of the most widespread reptile species on Earth.

Despite their aquatic nature, these snakes occasionally wash up on beaches. Beachgoers should exercise caution, as Yellow-bellied Sea Snakes are venomous. Their bite can cause severe symptoms, including:

• Muscle pain
• Drowsiness
• Paralysis (in extreme cases)

It’s crucial to seek immediate medical attention if bitten. While fatalities are rare, proper treatment is essential.

Yellow-bellied Sea Snakes primarily feed on small fish. Their unique hunting technique involves floating motionless on the water’s surface, attracting curious fish to their tail, which they then quickly grab and envenom.

Northern Small-eyed Snake

The Northern Small-eyed Snake (Cryptophis pallidiceps) is a venomous species endemic to Australia. Its name derives from its distinctive pale head, which contrasts with its darker body.

This snake is relatively small, but caution is still advised. Despite its size, its venom can potentially be life-threatening, especially from larger specimens. Standard venomous snake bite treatment procedures should always be followed if encountered.

The Northern Small-eyed Snake’s diet primarily consists of small reptiles. Studies have shown that 89% of their prey are skinks, with 5% being other snakes. They also occasionally consume agamid lizards, legless lizards, and lizard eggs.

Behavioral characteristics of this snake include:

• Nocturnal activity
• Seeking shelter during daylight hours
• Possible use of both active searching and ambush predation techniques

The snake’s habitat preferences and distribution are not well-documented in the provided search results. Further research would be needed to provide accurate information on these aspects of the Northern Small-eyed Snake’s ecology.

Speckled Brown Snake

The speckled brown snake (Pseudonaja guttata) is a venomous elapid native to Australia. First described in 1926 by English zoologist Hampton Wildman Parker, this species was initially classified under the genus Demansia.

In the early 1960s, Australian naturalist Eric Worrell reclassified the speckled brown snake into the Pseudonaja genus. This decision was based on skull morphology and later reinforced by American herpetologist Samuel Booker McDowell’s research on snake muscle structures.

The speckled brown snake inhabits parts of Queensland. Its name derives from its distinctive appearance, featuring a brown body covered in small, darker speckles. This coloration provides excellent camouflage in its natural habitat.

As a member of the brown snake family, the speckled brown snake possesses potent venom. While less frequently encountered than its eastern and western cousins, it still poses a significant threat to humans if provoked or stepped on accidentally.

Caution is advised when traveling in areas where these snakes are known to reside. Wearing sturdy boots and staying alert can help prevent dangerous encounters. If bitten, immediate medical attention is crucial for proper treatment.

Curl Snake

The Curl Snake (Suta suta) is a venomous elapid species native to Australia. It’s also known as the Myall Snake in Western Australia.

This snake has a distinctive defense mechanism. When threatened, it coils its body into a spring-like shape to protect its head. This behavior gives the species its common name.

Curl Snakes are often mistaken for the similar-looking Ord Curl Snake (Suta ordensis). Careful identification is crucial for safety and conservation purposes.

These snakes have a wide distribution across Australia. They can be found in all mainland states and territories, excluding Tasmania.

Unlike many snake species, Curl Snakes are viviparous. Females give birth to live young, typically in litters of 1-7 offspring.

While venomous, Curl Snakes are not considered highly dangerous to humans. Their bites may cause swelling and other symptoms but are generally not life-threatening. However, medical attention should always be sought after any snake bite.

Curl Snakes are not typically aggressive. They prefer to avoid confrontation with humans when possible. Nonetheless, caution should be exercised if one encounters this species in the wild.

Pygmy Mulga Snake

The Pygmy Mulga Snake, also known as the Pygmy King Brown Snake, is a venomous species native to Australia. It belongs to the Elapidae family and the Pseudechis genus, which includes other deadly snakes.

This snake is named after Australian herpetologist John Randall Weigel, with its scientific name being Pseudechis weigeli. Its smaller size distinguishes it from its larger relative, the Mulga Snake.

Pygmy Mulga Snakes are found in specific regions of Australia. They have adapted to various habitats within their range, including:

• Arid grasslands
• Scrublands
• Rocky outcrops

Like other venomous snakes, the Pygmy Mulga Snake possesses potent venom. While bites are rare, they can be dangerous if left untreated. Anyone encountering this snake should exercise caution and maintain a safe distance.

Despite its venomous nature, the Pygmy Mulga Snake plays an important role in its ecosystem. It helps control populations of small mammals and reptiles, contributing to the balance of its habitat.

Conservation efforts are crucial to protect this unique species and its environment. Habitat preservation and public education about snake safety can help ensure the Pygmy Mulga Snake’s survival in the wild.

White-lipped Snake

The White-lipped Snake (Drysdalia coronoides) is a small, venomous species native to southeastern Australia and Tasmania. It belongs to the Elapidae family, which includes some of the world’s most dangerous snakes.

This reptile earns its name from the distinctive white or cream-colored upper lip. Its body is typically olive-green to brown, with darker bands or blotches along the back.

White-lipped Snakes are remarkably cold-tolerant. They can be found in diverse habitats, from sea level up to 1300 meters in elevation. These snakes inhabit heaths, grasslands, and open woodlands.

Adult White-lipped Snakes usually measure between 30-40 cm in length. Newborns are even tinier, with a head and body length of just 8-11 cm.

Despite being venomous, these snakes are generally not considered dangerous to humans. Their small size and mild venom make severe envenomation unlikely.

White-lipped Snakes primarily feed on small lizards and frogs. They are active during the day, especially in cooler weather when other snakes might be less active.

In Tasmania, this species is sometimes mistakenly called a whip snake. However, true whip snakes belong to the genus Demansia and are found on mainland Australia.

Conservation efforts for the White-lipped Snake focus on habitat preservation. While not currently threatened, monitoring their populations helps ensure their continued survival in Australia’s diverse ecosystems.

Collett’s Snake

Collett’s Snake, scientifically known as Pseudechis colletti, is a venomous species native to Australia. This striking reptile is also referred to as Collett’s black snake, Collett’s cobra, or Down’s tiger snake.

Found exclusively in Central Queensland, Collett’s Snake has adapted to the region’s unique environment. Its habitat primarily consists of dry grasslands and woodlands.

The snake’s appearance is distinctive, featuring a brightly patterned body. Its coloration typically includes bands of red, orange, or brown, alternating with black bands.

Despite its beauty, Collett’s Snake poses a significant threat. It ranks as the 19th most venomous snake globally, capable of delivering a potentially fatal bite.

In terms of diet, this carnivorous reptile preys on a variety of animals. Its menu includes mammals, lizards, other snakes, and frogs.

Collett’s Snake exhibits both diurnal and nocturnal behavior. It may be active during the day or on warm evenings, displaying adaptability to temperature changes.

During rainy periods, these snakes become particularly active. They emerge to feed voraciously on frogs that surface due to increased moisture.

While Collett’s Snake plays a crucial role in its ecosystem, human encounters should be approached with extreme caution. Professional assistance is essential if one is spotted in residential areas.

Eastern Small-eyed Snake

The Eastern Small-eyed Snake (Cryptophis nigrescens) is a venomous species native to eastern Australia. These snakes are characterized by their small, dark eyes and slender build.

Adult Eastern Small-eyed Snakes typically measure between 50-100 cm in length. Their coloration is predominantly black or dark grey, with a distinctive pink to red belly.

This species is primarily nocturnal, emerging at night to hunt for prey. Their diet consists mainly of small lizards, skinks, and occasionally frogs.

Eastern Small-eyed Snakes are found along Australia’s east coast, inhabiting a variety of habitats including:

• Forests
• Woodlands
• Heathlands
• Urban areas

Despite their venomous nature, these snakes are generally secretive and avoid human contact. However, caution is advised as their bite can be dangerous.

Reproduction in this species is viviparous, with females giving birth to 2-4 live young.

It’s important to note that while less famous than some other Australian snakes, the Eastern Small-eyed Snake has been responsible for one recorded human fatality since 1960. Their venom primarily affects muscle tissue.

Desert Death Adder

The Desert Death Adder (Acanthophis pyrrhus) is a highly venomous snake species found in Australia’s arid regions. These reptiles have adapted well to harsh desert conditions and can be spotted in sandy or rocky habitats with sparse vegetation.

Known for their distinctive appearance, Desert Death Adders have a short, stout body and a triangular head. Their coloration typically matches their surroundings, providing excellent camouflage.

These snakes employ a unique hunting strategy. They lie motionless, partially buried in sand, using their tail tip as a lure for prey. When small animals approach, the adder strikes with lightning speed.

Desert Death Adders possess longer fangs than most Australian venomous snakes. Their potent neurotoxic venom can be lethal to humans, but bites are rare due to the snake’s reclusive nature.

Despite their formidable reputation, Desert Death Adders face threats from habitat loss. However, they are currently classified as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List.

For those exploring Australian deserts, it’s crucial to exercise caution and wear appropriate footwear. If encountering a Desert Death Adder, maintain a safe distance and allow the snake to retreat peacefully.

Blue-bellied Black Snake

The Blue-bellied Black Snake, scientifically known as Pseudechis guttatus, is a venomous elapid native to eastern Australia. It’s also commonly referred to as the Spotted Black Snake.

This serpent typically grows up to 2 meters in length. Its most distinctive feature is its glossy black body paired with a vibrant blue underbelly, giving it its common name.

The Blue-bellied Black Snake inhabits areas in South-Eastern Queensland and New South Wales. It prefers a variety of habitats, including grasslands, woodlands, and rocky areas.

Despite its name, the snake’s coloration can vary. Some specimens may display white or cream spots, while others might appear in a uniform blue-gray shade.

It’s important to note that this snake is highly venomous. Its venom ranks as the second most toxic among Australian black snakes. The venom contains potent neurotoxins and myotoxins.

If bitten, symptoms may include:

• Severe pain
• Swelling
• Nausea
• Excessive sweating

Caution is advised when in snake-prone areas. However, it’s worth noting that the Blue-bellied Black Snake is naturally shy and will generally avoid confrontation unless provoked.

Misidentification is common due to its similarity to other Australian snakes. It’s often confused with the Red-bellied Black Snake and sometimes with the Eastern Brown Snake, particularly brownish specimens.