Rock doves are also called rock pigeons or common pigeons. They are generally referred to as “pigeons.”
The wild rock doves are whitish-grey with two black bars on each wing.
There are a few physical differences between males and females.
The rock doves are usually monogamous, with a pair of offspring for each brood.
Both male and female parents show parental care for their young children.
The species are numbered in their millions within an estimated range of 17 to 28 million wild birds in Europe alone.
Across the world, they number up to roughly 120 million.
Rock doves’ closest relatives in the genus Columba are the hill pigeon, and other species of rock pigeons include the snow, speckled, and white-collared pigeons.
Rock dove was the center of Charles Darwin’s discovery of evolution.
It featured in four of his works from 1859 to 1872. Darwin propounded that despite the broad range of morphological differences, several hundreds of domestic pigeon breeds could all be traced back to the wild rock dove.
Rock doves have been domesticated for several thousand years.
Over time, this has given rise to the domestic pigeon (Columba livia domestic).
They probably have been domesticated as far back as 5,000 years ago.
Multiple breeds of fancy pigeons of all sizes, colors, and types have been reared.
Scientific classification
| Kingdom | Animalia |
| Phylum | Chordata |
| Class | Aves |
| Order | Columbiformes |
| Family | Columbidae |
| Genus | Columba |
| Scientific name | Columba livia |
Description
Adult rock doves have a body length of 29 to 37 cm and a wingspan length of 62 to 72 cm.
The wild or feral rock dove weighs between 238–380 grams, though overfed domestic and semi-domesticated individuals can exceed the usual weights.
Its head and neck are dark bluish-grey, the chest could be shiny yellowish and greenish, and the neck and wing feathers are adorned with a reddish-purple iridescence. It has an iris that could be orange, golden, or red with an inner paper ring.
The bare skin surrounding the eye is bluish-grey, while the bill is greyish-black with a noticeable cream cere. The bird’s feet are also purplish-red.
The wing chord is typically around 22.3 cm long, the tail between 9.5 and 11 cm, the bill measures up to 1.8 cm, and the tarsus falls 2.6 to 3.5 cm.
Adult female rock dove is nearly identical in physical appearance to the male, but her neck’s iridescence is lesser in intensity. It is also more confined to the back and sides, while it is often less conspicuous in the breast area.
The pale lower area of the back is its primary distinctive feature. Another prime feature is the pair of black bars on its pale grey wings. Its tail has a black band at the end, and the external web of the tail feathers is lined with white.
Habitat and distribution
The rock dove has a limited natural residency range in the western and southern parts of Europe, North Africa, and South Asia.
The rock doves (including ferals) have a vast range, with an approximate worldwide extent of occurrence of 10,000,000 km2. It has a massive global population, including an estimated 17 to 28 million individuals in Europe.
Fossil evidence points to the origin of the rock dove in southern Asia. Skeletal remains in Israel also confirm its habitation there for at least 300,000 years.
Rock doves usually inhabit rock formations, making settlements in crevices or nests. They nest as a group, mostly forming vast colonies of hundreds of individuals.
They also inhabit and nest on statues, walls, and ledges of buildings. They could cause damage to these structures through their feces. Starving birds excrete urates, which contain a high amount of uric acid.
Over time, this can corrode stonework or metal. On the other hand, a well-fed bird often excretes solid feces containing very low amounts of uric acid.
Diet
Rock doves are omnivores, but they prefer plant matter, which includes fruits and grains. Due to their love for grains, they are regarded as granivores.
They feed on the ground, either individually or communally. They eat seeds that they can easily swallow down their gullet.
They also consume miniature invertebrates such as worms or larvae of insects as a protein supplement. In cities, they tend to feed as scavengers from human refuse.
Most rock doves take little sips and position their heads backward when drinking. These birds can dip their bills into the water and drink continuously without tucking their heads back.
Habits or behavior
The white underside of the bird’s wing becomes obvious during flight. It is considered a strong flier, often gliding while positioning its wings in a V-like shape.
Due to predatory birds ‘ potential presence, the dove makes a cooing sound and is a very vigilant bird.
When disturbed, a pigeon within a flock will fly off, clapping its wings noisily to warn others to take off.
The noise from the take-off amplifies the speed at which the bird beats its wings. The more the noise, the bigger the threat perceived by the other birds in the flock.
Rock doves mostly use powder down feathers to preen, which gives them a tender and silky feel to their plumage. They either have no gland for preening or, at times, possess very basic preen glands.
So they don’t use oil for preening. Instead, powder-down feathers are dispersed across the body. They are likely to disintegrate, and the resultant powder, similar to talcum powder, aids in maintaining the plumage.
Reproduction
The rock dove can mate during the year, but their peak times are during spring and summer. Sites for nesting are along the faces of coastal cliffs and the human-made cliff faces derived from apartment buildings with ledges or accessible roof spaces.
Their nest is made using sticks and straws, laid on a ledge, and mostly located on the window ledges of apartment buildings. The female usually lays two white eggs, and both parents usually take turns incubating them for 17 – 19 days.
Their offspring are called squabs and are nursed and fed through regurgitation on crop or pigeon milk. The pigeon milk is manufactured in the crops of both parents.
This isn’t peculiar to just the rock dove, as it is common to all species of doves and pigeons. The fledging period usually lasts for about 30 days.
Conservation status
The rock doves are considered game birds and are usually hunted quite often, but they still possess huge numbers. Their conservation status is classified as “Least Concern”.
