Hummingbirds in Puerto Rico: A Complete Guide to the Island’s Flying Jewels

Did you know that Puerto Rico is home to some of the world’s most spectacular hummingbird species, including two that exist nowhere else on Earth?

These tiny aerial acrobats have evolved unique characteristics that make them perfectly adapted to the island’s diverse ecosystems, from coastal mangroves to misty mountain forests.

Whether you’re planning a birdwatching adventure or simply curious about these remarkable creatures, this guide will introduce you to the fascinating world of hummingbirds in Puerto Rico.

You’ll discover which species call the island home, where to find them, and what makes each one special in its own right.

Puerto Rican Emerald (Riccordia maugaeus)

The Puerto Rican Emerald, known locally as “zumbadorcito de Puerto Rico,” is an endemic hummingbird species found exclusively in the Puerto Rican archipelago and measures just 3.5 to 4 inches long. At approximately 3 grams, it holds the distinction of being the smallest bird species on the island. The IUCN has assessed the Puerto Rican emerald as being of Least Concern, though population trends require continued monitoring according to BirdsCaribbean.

Physical Characteristics and Behavior

This tiny jewel displays striking sexual dimorphism that makes identification relatively straightforward once you know what to look for. Males are unmistakable with their deep-green coloration and distinctive forked tail, while females sport more subdued tones that help them blend into their surroundings during nesting.

Key Features:

• Iridescent green plumage that shimmers in sunlight
• Forked tail (males)
• Rapid wing beats creating the characteristic “zumbador” (buzzing) sound
• Feeds primarily on nectar from native flowering plants

Where to Find Puerto Rican Emeralds

This species inhabits wet and dry forests at all elevations, and locally other types of woodland and gardens, occurring throughout the island but much more numerous in the western half. They’ve adapted remarkably well to human presence, making them one of the more accessible endemic species for visitors to observe.

Best Locations:

• Urban gardens and parks
• Forest edges and clearings
• Coastal areas with flowering vegetation
• Mountain forests up to higher elevations

Pro Tip: Listen for their distinctive buzzing sound – it’s often easier to locate Puerto Rican Emeralds by ear before spotting them visually.

Green Mango (Anthracothorax viridis)

The Green Mango is one of two endemic hummingbird species that inhabit Puerto Rico, and this vibrant emerald and sapphire hummingbird reaches 4.3-5.5 inches and weighs around 0.25 ounces. Unlike its smaller cousin, the Green Mango prefers the island’s more mountainous regions.

Habitat and Distribution

Endemic to Puerto Rico, this nectarivore inhabits dense mountain rainforests and plantations 800-1,200 meters in elevation on the main island. Green Mangoes generally prefer more humid habitats at higher elevations, making them somewhat more challenging to spot than Puerto Rican Emeralds.

Did You Know? Recent genetic studies have revealed that what was once considered a single “Antillean Mango” species actually comprises distinct populations. The Puerto Rican Mango (Anthracothorax aurulentus) can be differentiated from the Hispaniolan Mango by males having green flanks, black restricted to just a patch on the belly, and overall lighter underparts that are brownish-gray. You can track current sightings of this species on eBird.

Identification Tips

Antillean Crested Hummingbird (Orthorhyncus cristatus)

This small but feisty hummingbird stands out immediately thanks to its distinctive crest that gives it an almost punk-rock appearance. While not endemic to Puerto Rico, the Antillean Crested Hummingbird is a regular resident that adds excitement to any birdwatching expedition.

Recognition and Behavior

The species’ most notable feature is its flashy crest, which males can raise and lower depending on their mood or territorial displays. These birds are particularly aggressive despite their small size, often chasing away much larger hummingbirds from prime feeding territories. As described in detailed field guides, the Antillean Crested Hummingbird has a mohawklike crest and rather short bill, with adult males showing dark gray underparts.

Key Characteristics:

• Prominent crest (especially visible in males)
• Metallic green upperparts
• Rufous-colored underparts
• Highly territorial behavior
• Prefers coastal and lowland areas

Where to Spot Them

Antillean Crested Hummingbirds favor:

• Coastal gardens with abundant flowering plants
• Mangrove edges
• Resort areas with tropical landscaping
• Urban parks with diverse plant life

Ruby-throated Hummingbird (Archilochus colubris)

North American birders will recognize this familiar species, which undertakes an incredible journey to reach Puerto Rico during the non-breeding season. The Ruby-throated Hummingbird’s presence adds an interesting migratory dimension to Puerto Rico’s hummingbird community.

Migration Pattern and Timing

These remarkable birds travel thousands of miles from their breeding grounds in eastern North America, with some individuals making the treacherous journey across the Gulf of Mexico. In Puerto Rico, they’re typically observed from late fall through early spring.

Migration Facts:

• Arrive in Puerto Rico between October and November
• Depart for breeding grounds by March or April
• Males often arrive first, followed by females
• Juveniles may linger longer than adults

Identification in Puerto Rico

The Rare Gems: Occasional Visitors

Puerto Rico’s strategic location in the Caribbean makes it a potential stopover for several other hummingbird species, though sightings are much less predictable.

Vervain Hummingbird (Mellisuga minima)

This tiny visitor from nearby Caribbean islands occasionally appears in Puerto Rico, particularly during migration periods or after severe weather events. As one of the world’s smallest bird species, the Vervain Hummingbird is a true prize for dedicated birdwatchers.

Black-throated Mango (Anthracothorax nigricollis)

While more common on mainland South America and some Caribbean islands, the Black-throated Mango has been occasionally recorded in Puerto Rico. These sightings typically occur during migration periods or when birds are displaced by weather systems.

Prime Birdwatching Locations for Hummingbirds in Puerto Rico

El Yunque National Forest

El Yunque National Forest offers tropical rain forest and high-elevation dwarf forest habitats perfect for observing both Puerto Rican Emeralds and Green Mangoes. This UNESCO Biosphere Reserve provides excellent opportunities for birding enthusiasts, with dozens of trails catering to different skill levels. Recent visitor reviews consistently highlight the forest’s exceptional biodiversity and accessibility.

Best Trails for Hummingbirds:

• La Mina Trail (easy access, good for beginners) – trail details
• Mount Britton Trail (higher elevation species)
• El Yunque Trail (summit views and diverse habitats)

Toro Negro State Forest

Located in the island’s central mountains, this forest offers cooler temperatures and unique cloud forest habitats that attract Green Mangoes and other highland species.

Guánica State Forest

Guánica State Forest is one of the ideal local attractions for birds and nature lovers, particularly for observing Puerto Rican Emeralds in dry forest environments. The forest’s unique ecosystem provides critical habitat for endemic species that have adapted to arid conditions.

Urban Gardens and Parks

Don’t overlook developed areas! Many of Puerto Rico’s hummingbirds have adapted well to urban environments, making hotel gardens, botanical gardens, and residential areas excellent viewing spots. Professional birding guides often recommend starting with urban locations before venturing into more remote forest areas.

Best Practices for Hummingbird Watching

Equipment and Timing

Essential Gear:

• Binoculars (8×42 recommended for quick focus)
• Camera with fast autofocus
• Field guide or bird identification app
• Comfortable, earth-toned clothing

Optimal Timing:

• Early morning (6:00-9:00 AM) for peak activity
• Late afternoon (4:00-6:00 PM) for feeding behavior
• Avoid midday heat when birds are less active

Ethical Viewing Guidelines

• Maintain respectful distance (at least 10 feet)
• Never use flash photography
• Avoid playing recorded calls excessively
• Stay on designated trails to protect habitat
• Don’t attempt to feed wild hummingbirds

Photography Tips

Technical Settings:

• Use fast shutter speeds (1/1000s or faster)
• Continuous autofocus mode
• Burst mode for flight shots
• Higher ISO if needed for proper exposure

Composition Advice:

• Focus on the eye for sharp portraits
• Capture feeding behavior at flowers
• Include environmental context in wider shots
• Be patient – hummingbirds often return to favorite perches

Conservation Status and Threats

Current Population Status

The Puerto Rican Emerald maintains a stable population, with recent birding tour reports from 2024 indicating consistent sightings across the island. Professional guides regularly encounter all endemic species, though habitat quality varies significantly between locations.

Primary Threats

Habitat Loss:

• Urban development reducing native forest cover
• Agricultural expansion eliminating flowering plants
• Climate change affecting mountain forest ecosystems

Introduced Species:

• Competition from non-native birds
• Predation by introduced mammals
• Displacement by aggressive introduced species

Environmental Changes:

• Hurricane damage to nesting sites
• Pollution affecting food sources
• Changes in flowering plant communities

Conservation Efforts

Local organizations and government agencies are working to protect hummingbird habitats through:

• Forest restoration programs
• Native plant propagation initiatives
• Environmental education programs
• Citizen science monitoring projects

Planning Your Hummingbird Adventure

Best Time to Visit

Peak Season: December through April offers the best combination of weather, resident species, and migratory visitors. According to recent birding reports, this period provides optimal conditions for observing both resident and migratory species.

Resident Species: Year-round opportunities to observe Puerto Rican Emeralds and Green Mangoes.

Migration Highlights: October through March for Ruby-throated Hummingbirds and occasional rarities.

Recommended Itinerary

Day 1: El Yunque National Forest

• Morning: El Portal Rain Forest Center for orientation
• Afternoon: La Mina Trail for accessible birdwatching

Day 2: Western Puerto Rico

• Morning: Guánica State Forest for dry forest species
• Afternoon: Coastal areas for Antillean Crested Hummingbirds

Day 3: Central Mountains

• Full day: Toro Negro State Forest for high-elevation species
• Evening: Return to San Juan area

Local Resources

Guided Tours:

• Adventours PR offers specialized birdwatching experiences
• Wildside Nature Tours provides comprehensive birding itineraries
• Birding Ecotours offers endemic-focused trips

Field Guides:

• Birds of Puerto Rico database for species information
• eBird Puerto Rico for real-time sightings
• Merlin Bird ID for sound identification

The Magic of Puerto Rican Hummingbirds

Puerto Rico’s hummingbirds represent some of the most spectacular examples of island evolution in the Caribbean. From the tiny Puerto Rican Emerald humming through urban gardens to the majestic Green Mango soaring through mountain rainforests, these species offer unforgettable encounters with nature’s most energetic aviators.

Like all Caribbean hummingbirds, the Puerto Rican Mango played an important role in pollination of native plant species, as their ability to hover allows them to access tubular blossoms not reachable by insects. This ecological relationship highlights the critical importance of protecting both the birds and their native plant communities.

Whether you’re a seasoned birder or simply someone who appreciates natural beauty, Puerto Rico’s hummingbirds provide endless opportunities for wonder and discovery. Pack your binoculars, bring your patience, and prepare to be amazed by these flying jewels of the Caribbean.

The island’s unique position as a tropical paradise with remarkable endemic species makes it an essential destination for anyone interested in hummingbird diversity. From the bustling activity around urban flowering plants to the serene encounters in mountain forests, Puerto Rico offers experiences that will leave you with lasting memories and a deeper appreciation for these remarkable creatures.

Start planning your Puerto Rican hummingbird adventure today – these tiny marvels are waiting to share their world with you.