Golden Moles: Profile and Information

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Tiny insectivorous burrowing rodents native to Southern Africa are the Golden moles.

They form the Chrysochloridae family and as such, are taxonomically distinct from the true moles, the Talpidae family, and other mole-like families, all of which imitate evolutionary convergence to varying degrees.

Scientific classification

Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Afrosoricida
Suborder: Golden mole
Family: Golden mole

Characteristics and affinities

The Golden mole have short legs with powerful digging claws, very dense fur that repels dirt and moisture, and toughened skin, especially on the head, like most burrowing mammals with similar habits.

Their eyes are non-functional, and their skin is coated with fur. Small holes are just external faces.

Golden moles, in particular, bear a remarkable resemblance to Australia’s marsupial moles, the Notoryctidae family, which they mimic so suggestively that the marsupial/placental divide did not stand at one time, some argued that they were related.

The opinion that the Golden mole are very primitive placentals and the fact that they have many mole-like specialisations close to specialisations in marsupial moles may have affected the debate.

The rhinarium is a largely dry, leathery pad that covers the nostrils when the animal is digging. They, too, resemble marsupial moles in this regard.

Some authors say that their primary sense of touch is touch, and they are especially sensitive to vibrations that may signify an approaching hazard.

However, the findings on the middle ear malleus are noted below. The scale of the species varies from about 8 centimetres (3.1 into about 20 centimetres (7.9 in).

They have muscular shoulders, and the forelimbs are dramatically modified for digging; except for a broad, pick-like third claw on the third toe, all of the toes on the forefeet have been reduced.

The fifth digit is missing, and the vestigial digits are the first and fourth. The adaptations of the hind feet are less drastic, maintaining all five toes and weaving as an adaptation to the powerful backward shovelling of the soil loosened by the front claws.

The Golden mole was known at one time as primitive. Supporting reasons for this included that they were supposed to have originated in Gondwana, that they had a low metabolic rate of rest, and that when inactive, they could turn off thermoregulation.

They have a cloaca, like the Tenrecs, and males lack a scrotum. Nevertheless, these points are no longer considered as highly suggestive as undeveloped “reptilian mammals” for Golden moles; others are seen as adaptations to regional climatic conditions.

When resting or during cold weather, going into a torpor helps them to conserve power and reduce urgent food requirements.

Similarly, especially powerful kidneys have been established, and most animals do not need to drink water at all. In fact, if they fall into the water, they appear to drown easily.

Ecology and Habits

In their respective chosen habitats, most Golden mole species live almost entirely underground, either underneath grass veld, woodland, swamps, deserts, or mountainous terrain.

However, in leaf litter in woods or in meadows, Chrysospalax species tend to forage above ground. In the sandy Namib desert, Eremitalpa species such as Grant’s Golden mole lives, where they can not form tunnels because the sand collapses.

Instead, they “swim” through the loose sand throughout the day when they have to seek cover, using their large claws to paddle, and dive down some 50 cm to where it is bearably cold.

They enter a state of torpor and thus save energy there. Instead of wasting energy moving sand, they emerge at night to forage on the surface. Their main prey is termites that live under isolated clumps of grass and may fly in search of food for 6 kilometres a night.

By listening to wind-rustled grass-root stresses and the head-banging warning signals of termites, they search enticing clumps, none of which can be easily detected above ground, so they stop occasionally and dip their heads to listen under the sand.

Most other animals build both foraging shallow burrows and deeper permanent burrows for residence.

Relatively complex in shape, residential burrows can penetrate as far as a meter below ground and include deep chambers for use as bolt-holes, and latrines for other chambers.

Like mole-hills, they force excavated soil up to the surface or compact it into the tunnel walls. Tiny insects and earthworms or tiny vertebrates such as lizards or burrowing snakes feed on them.

To identify most of their prey, they depend on their sense of hearing, and the cochleas of a variety of Golden mole species have been found to belong and highly coiled, which may suggest a greater ecological reliance on auditory indications of low frequency than we see in Talpid moles.

Some species also have hypertrophied ossicles of the middle ear, especially the malleus, which is apparently adapted to the detection of seismic vibrations.

There is some obvious convergent evolution in the Amphisbaenidae family in this regard to burrowing reptiles.

Reproductivity

Inside the burrow system, females give birth to one to three hairless young people in a grass-lined nest. Breeding happens all year round.

The adults are solitary and can actively defend their burrowing territories from intruders, particularly where resources are relatively scarce.

The Conservation Status

Of the 21 Golden mole species, no less than 11 are threatened with extinction. Sand mining, poor agricultural practices, increasing urbanisation, and predation by domestic cats and dogs are the primary causes.

History

Golden mole, one of 18 species of blind and tailless burrowing insectivores living in sub-Saharan Africa, (order Chrysochloridae) They are sufficiently distinct to constitute their own mammalian order from other moles and insectivores.

A cylindrical body, small arms, and no external tail are in the Golden moles; under the skin are tail vertebrae.

Their triangular head ends at the muzzle in a leathery pad; their degenerate eyes are coated with skin and fur, and external ears are missing. The skin is durable and is bound to the body loosely.

The four front digits bear powerful claws, two of which, like a pickax, are long and shaped. Membranous skin connects the five hind digits.

In two species, the fur is long and slightly coarse, but in all others, short, smooth, and thick. It varies from dark grey to brownish tones and chestnut to black, with the iridescence of violet, orange, purple, or bronze.

Most species are nocturnal, although some are active in the daytime as well. Loamy or sandy soils are preferred; clay and compact soils are avoided.

Golden moles are coming to the surface following heavy rainfall. Insects, earthworms, and lizards are eaten by Golden moles.

In shallow subsurface caves, some fly and forage; others excavate burrows as deep as 50 cm (20 inches), with entrances marked by soil mounds.

With the leathery muzzle, forefeet, and claws, the soil is loosened and then forced with the claws and muzzle under the body.

The hind feet drive the debris out of the burrow and down it. Southern Africa’s Golden mole (Eremitalpa granti) of Grant is a sand-dune inhabitant.

It does not stay in burrows, but flies on or just below the dune surface at night, using its front limbs and muzzle to “swim” through the sand. It buries itself in soft sand throughout the day, down to 35 cm.

Forests, savannas, grasslands, rocky hillsides, sandy riverbeds, and sand dunes range from coastal lowlands to elevations of 3,300 meters (10,800 feet)—Golden moles. In cultivated fields and on the fairways of golf courses, several species reportedly live.

The largest is South Africa’s giant Golden mole (Chrysospalax trevelyani) with a 20 to 24 cm (7.9 to 9.4 inches) long body; it is a forest dweller that dens in burrows but moves along the surface and forages.

Grant’s Golden mole is the smallest, weighing less than an ounce, with a body 8 to 9 cm long. One or two young babies are born with Golden moles.

Paleontology and Classification

Within the family Golden mole, the only family of the order Chrysochloridae which belongs to a larger group of mammals referred to as insectivores, Golden moles are classified into seven genera. African tenrecidae (family Tenrecidae) maybe their closest relatives.

The family’s evolutionary past, based on fossils, can be traced back to Africa’s Early Miocene Epoch (23.8 to 11.2 million years ago).